Bhikkhu

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For other uses, see Bhiksu (disambiguation).

Buddhist monks in Thailand

A Bhikkhu (Pāli), Bhikṣu (Sanskrit) (Burmese: ဘိက္ခု, Thai: ภิกษุ, Tibetan: dge long, pronounced gelong) is a fully ordained male Buddhist monastic. A female monastic is called Bhikkhuni (Skt: Bhikṣuṇī). Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis keep many precepts: they live by the vinaya's framework of monastic discipline, the basic rules of which are called the patimokkha. Their lifestyle is shaped so as to support their spiritual practice, to live a simple and meditative life, and attain Nirvana.

Introduction

Tibetan monks engaging in a traditional monastic debate. They employ stylized movements—hand claps, finger thrusts, and posture—to emphasize their points.

People of the Pali Canon
Pali	English
Community of Buddhist Disciples
Monastic Sangha
Bhikkhu, Bhikkhunī Sikkhamānā Samaṇera, Samaṇerī	Monk, Nun Nun trainee Novice (m., f.)
Laity
Upāsaka, Upāsikā Gahattha, Gahapati Agārika, Agāriya	Lay devotee (m., f.) Householder Layperson
Related Religions
Samaṇa Ājīvaka Brāhmaṇa Nigaṇṭha	Wanderer Ascetic Brahmin Jain ascetic
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Bhiksu may be literally translated as "beggar" or more broadly as "one who lives by alms". It is philologically analysed in the Pāli commentary of Buddhaghosa as "the person who sees danger (in samsara or cycle of rebirth)" (Pāli = Bhayaṃ ikkhatīti: bhikkhu). He therefore seeks ordination in order to release from it. The Dhammapada states:

Not therefore is he a bhikkshu
Merely because he begs from others.
Not by adopting the outward form
Does one truly become a bhikshu.
He whom wholly subdues evil,
Both small and great,
Is called a monk (bhikshu)
Because he has overcome all evil. Dhp 266, 267

A bhikkhu has taken a vow to enter the Sangha (Buddhist monastic community) and is expected to obey rules of monastic conduct (typically around 227 for a male, and 311 for a female) as set out in the Vinaya, although there are considerable local variations in the interpretations of these rules. A novice monk or nun in the Tibetan tradition takes 36 vows of conduct. The minimum age to take bhikkhu vows according to ruling is 20 years counted from the conception (i.e. appr. 19 years and 3 months from what is considered as "birth" nowadays).

In English literature prior to the mid-20th Century, Buddhist monks were often referred to by the term bonze, particularly when describing monks from East Asia and French Indochina. This term is derived via Portuguese and French from the Japanese word bonsō for a priest or monk, and has become less common in modern literature.¹

Vows and ordination

Although the European concepts "monk" and "nun" are applied to Buddhism relatively unproblematically, the situation of 'ordination' is more complicated.

Becoming a Bhikkhu/Bhikkhuni

In Buddhism, monasticism is part of the system of "vows of individual liberation". These vows are taken by monks and nuns from the ordinary sangha, in order to develop personal ethical discipline. In Mahayana Buddhism, the term "sangha" is, in principle, often understood to refer particularly to the Arya Sangha (Tib. mchog kyi tshogs, pronounced chokyi tsok)) the "community of the noble ones who have reached the first bhumi". These, however, need not be monks and nuns.

The vows of individual liberation are taken in four steps. A lay person may take the five upāsaka (Pali and Sanskrit; feminine: upāsikā; Tibetan dge snyan/dge snyan ma, pronounced genyen/genyenma, "approaching virtue") vows. The next step is to enter the pabbajja (Srt: pravrajya, Tib. rab byung pronounced rabjung), or monastic way of life, which includes wearing monk's or nun's robes. After that, one can become a samanera (Pali; feminine: samaneri; Skt. śrāmaṇera/śrāmaṇeri, Tib. dge tshul/dge tshul ma, pronounced getshül/getshülma), or novice monk/nun. The last and final step is to take all the vows of a bhikkhu/bhukkhuni (Pali, Sanskrit: Bhikṣu/Bhikṣuṇīs, Tib. dge long/dge long ma>, pronounced gelong/gelongma) a "fully ordained monk/nun."

Monks and nuns take their vows for a lifetime. A monk can give bhikkhu vows back and return to home living, take the vows again later, he can take them up to three times or seven times in one life, and after that the sangha should not accept him.² In this way, Buddhism keeps the vows "clean". It is possible to keep them or to leave this lifestyle, but it is considered extremely negative to break these vows.

In Tibet, rabjung, getshül, gelong ordinations are usually taken at ages six, fourteen and twenty-one or older, respectively.

Robes

The special dress of ordained people, the robes, comes from the idea of wearing cheap clothes just to protect the body from weather and climate. They shall not be made from one piece of cloth, but mended together from several pieces. Since dark red was the cheapest colour in Kashmir, the Tibetan tradition has red robes. In the south, yellow played the same role, though the color of saffron also had cultural associations in India; in East Asia, robes are yellow, grey or black.

The robes of getshül novices and gelong monks differ in various aspects, especially in the application of "holes" in the gelong dress. Some monks tear their robes into pieces and then mend these pieces together again. The rabjung novices shall not wear the "chö-göö", the yellow tissue worn during Buddhist teachings by both getshüls and gelongs.

In observance of the Kathina Puja, a special Kathina robe is made in 24 hours from donations by lay supporters of a temple. The robe is donated to the temple or monastery, and the resident monks then select from their own number a single monk to receive this special robe.³

Additional vows in the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions

In Mahayana traditions, a Bhikṣu may take additional vows not related to ordination, including the bodhisattva vow, samaya vows, and others, which are also open to laypersons in most instances.

In addition, in some traditions there are forms of non-vinaya ordinations, the holders of which are not considered Bhikṣus. These included ordination into the "White Sangha" lineage of Tibetan yogis (Tib. naljorpa/naljorma , <rnal hbyor pa/ma>), and all of the ordination lineages of the various Japanese traditions.

Conclusion

"Ordination" in Buddhism is a cluster of methods of self-discipline according to the needs, possibilities and capabilities of individuals. According to the spiritual development of his followers, the Buddha gave different levels of vows. The most advanced method is the state of a bikshu(ni), a fully ordained follower of the Buddha's teachings. The goal of the bhikku(ni) in all traditions is to achieve liberation from suffering.

Monks in Japan

Saichō, the founder of Japanese Tendai sect, succeeded in abolishing the vinaya in Japan in favor of ordination by bodhisattva precepts, as outlined in the apocryphal Brahmajala Sutra.⁴ Japanese monks in the Tendai sect are therefore not Bhikṣus. The Shingon sect, founded by Kūkai, however, requires the full 250 Vinaya precepts during ordination (348 for women), thus making Shingon clerics Bhikṣus/Bhikṣunis.^{citation needed}

Notes

^ Dictionary.com: bonze
^ 05-05《律制生活》p. 0064
^ Buddhist Ceremonies and Rituals of Sri Lanka, A.G.S. Kariyawasam
^ Going Forth: Visions of Buddhist Vinaya Reviewed by Brian Nichols, Journal of Buddhist Ethics ISSN 1076-9005 pg R10